"Ripping" was adopted ahead of the early stages of the mp3 era to describe the digital extraction of audio data from CDs. Hooking up audio cables to capture audio was never called "ripping," and it was shunned/avoided because of the quality loss that's inherent in basic RCA-analog audio capture. People wanted "rips" cuz they knew they'd be getting [close to] an exact copy of the audio content without quality loss.
Ripping was later extended to the process of extracting DVD data, and not related to recording video played from a DVD player. Since ripping is largely a computer process, it's much faster to rip data than it is to "press play" and wait for a movie to manually record onto another platform.
"Capturing," on computers specifically, is recording content from a live source, where something is copied/recorded "as it happens" -- acting a scene, talking to a microphone, or playing in-game music. Capture is derived from the traditional phrase "captured on film," which is related, or the bridge between "capture a wild animal" and "caught on tape."
On a side note, recording stuff onto magnetic cassette tapes (stereo or VHS) was called "dubbing" (no clue).